Summary
Bordeaux grows a huge variety of grapes including white grapes such as Sémillon, Sauvignon Blanc, Muscadelle, Colombard, Merlot Blanc, Sauvignon Gris, Ugni Blanc, and red grapes such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Carménère, Malbec, Petit Verdot. Of these grapes, six main varieties are used in the winemaking process. Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Cabernet Franc make up the vast majority of red grapes grown, representing 66%, 22.5% and 9.5% respectively.
The Bordeaux region produces around 209 million litres of wine per year which is not very much in comparison to the other major French regions like Champagne or Burgundy but it still makes Bordeaux the fifth largest French region in terms of production. The Bordeaux wine industry is also very important economically to this region which contributes around four billion euros per year and accounts for almost half of all jobs in the agricultural sector. Some of the most famous wines produced in Bordeaux include Château Lafite Rothschild, Chateau Mouton-Rothschild, and Château Haut-Brion.
Climate of the Bordeaux Region
The Bordeaux region enjoys a unique climate influenced by both maritime and continental conditions. It lies more than 300 metres above sea level, with the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The prevailing south-southwest wind contributes to average temperatures ranging from 12°C in January to 24°C in July, and annual rainfall of about 600mm.
This relatively dry climate is ideal for Vitis vinifera vines, which typically require less than 500mm of rain per year to thrive. Winters tend to be mild due to the oceanic influence, while summers can be hot due to continental effects.
Geography & Grape Cultivation
Most vineyards are located near the Gironde estuary or its tributaries, where wine has been produced for over 2,000 years. The region’s flat geography and riverside terrain make grape cultivation widespread, with minimal natural obstacles like hills.
The soil plays a key role in Bordeaux’s viticultural success. It consists largely of gravel and sand, which absorb heat during the day and release it at night, helping to moderate temperature fluctuations. This results in slow grape ripening, lower acidity, and more balanced wines.
Terroir Challenges
Despite its advantages, Bordeaux’s soil is not well-suited for most crops besides vines. It is prone to erosion and has poor subsoil drainage. However, the soils are nutrient-rich and require little fertilisation, making grape cultivation more economical and sustainable in the long term.
Bordeaux’s Global Reputation
Bordeaux is renowned for its red wines, which make up around 75–80% of the region’s output. The most prestigious châteaux predominantly produce red wines. Signature red grape varieties include:
- Cabernet Franc – Fresh, fragrant, with red fruit character
- Merlot – Soft, fruity, with a velvety texture
- Cabernet Sauvignon – High tannins, spicy and peppery
White Grape Varieties
While reds dominate, Bordeaux also produces high-quality white wines. The main white varieties are:
- Sémillon (45%) – Rich body, high alcohol, golden colour
- Sauvignon Blanc (43%) – Noted for its green pepper flavour, pairs well with fish and goat cheese
- Muscadelle (5%) – High acidity, ideal for spicy food like curries
Blending Varietals (Auxiliary Grapes)
Other grapes are used in small proportions to enhance the final blend:
- Petit Verdot – Deep colour, structure, and intensity
- Carménère – Spice and pepper aromas
- Pinot Gris (Grigio) – Peach and pear aromas, medium-light intensity
- Ugni Blanc (Trebbiano) – Pear and grapefruit aromas, medium intensity
New Varieties to Combat Climate Change
Due to the growing impact of climate change, the Institut National de l’Origine et de la Qualité (INAO) and Bordeaux Wine Council (CIVB) have approved six new grape varieties for Bordeaux, which are more resilient to heat and shorter growing cycles:
Red Varieties: Arinarnoa, Castets, Marselan, Touriga Nacional
White Varieties: Alvarinho, Liliorila
These additions mark a new chapter in Bordeaux’s winemaking history, ensuring the region’s adaptability and future success.